Industry Trends
The global biomarker technologies market was estimated at XX (USD Million) in 2023 and is projected to be valued at XX (USD Million) by 2030 at a CAGR of XX%. The report offers valuation and analysis of biomarker technologies market on a global as well as regional level. The study offers a comprehensive assessment of the industry competition, limitations, sales estimates, avenues, current & emerging trends, and industry-validated market data. The report offers historical data from 2018 to 2022 along with a forecast from 2024 to 2030 based on value (USD Million).
The report covers forecast and analysis for the biomarker technologies market on a global and regional level. The study provides historic data from 2018 to 2022 along with a forecast from 2024 to 2030 based on revenue (USD Million). The study includes drivers and restraints for the biomarker technologies market along with the impact they have on the demand over the forecast period. Additionally, the report includes the study of opportunities available in the biomarker technologies market on a global as well as regional level.
The study provides a crucial view on the biomarker technologies by segmenting the market based on product type, application, and region. All the segments of biomarker technologies market have been analyzed based on present and future trends and the market is estimated from 2024 to 2030.
The demand for biomarker technologies market is driven by drivers. These drivers are to support growth in collaborations and partnerships for research on biomarker technologies market. However, restraints may hinder market growth.
The report provides company market share analysis in order to give a broader overview of the key players in the biomarker technologies market. Major players in biomarker technologies market are Zhongyu gold mark (Beijing) biotechnology Limited by Share Ltd, Shanghai Jie Yi Biotechnology Co.Ltd., Hua Zhi rice Biotechnology Co.Ltd., among others.
In order to give the users of this report a comprehensive view on the biomarker technologies market competitive landscape and analysis of Porter’s Five Forces model for the market are included in the report. The study encompasses market attractiveness analysis, wherein all segments are benchmarked based on their market size, growth rate and general attractiveness.
Competitive Market Share
In terms of biomarker technologies market, Zhongyu gold mark (Beijing) biotechnology Limited by Share Ltd, Shanghai Jie Yi Biotechnology Co.Ltd., Hua Zhi rice Biotechnology Co.Ltd. are the top players operating in the global market. These behemoths have implemented key business strategies such as product innovation, strategic partnerships & collaborations, new product launches, new service launches, joint ventures, and contracts to reinforce their market position along with gaining a huge chunk of the market share.
In addition, the report also covers key strategic developments of the market including acquisitions & mergers, new type launch, agreements, partnerships, collaborations & joint ventures, research & development, regional expansion of major participants involved in the biomarker technologies market on global and regional basis.
Regional Insights
Regionally, the market is divided into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and the Middle East and Africa. Wherein, North America dominated the global biomarker technologies market in 2023. The market drivers are the major factors driving the growth in this region. Europe was the second-largest regional market in terms of revenue share.
Biomarker Technologies Market Size By Region

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Asia Pacific region will be the rapidly growing market for biomarker technologies. On the other hand, Latin America will experience moderate growth in the coming years. The Middle East and Africa will register slower growth in the years to come.
Scope of the report
Attribute |
Details |
Base year for estimation |
2023 |
Actual estimates/Historical data |
2018 - 2022 |
Forecast period |
2024 - 2030 |
Market representation |
Revenue in USD Million & CAGR from 2024 to 2030 |
Regional scope |
North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Central & South America & MEA |
Country scope |
U.S., Germany, U.K., Italy, China, Japan, Brazil |
Report coverage |
Revenue forecast, company share, competitive landscape, growth factors and trends |
Free customization scope (equivalent to 5 analyst working days) |
If you need specific information, which is not currently within the scope of the report, we will provide it to you as a part of customization |
Segments Covered in the Report
Based on Product Type, global biomarker technologies market is bifurcated into Solid Biopsy, Liquid Biopsy. Detailed qualitative as well as quantitative product type segment analysis will be provided in the report from 2018 to 2030.
Based on Application market is segmented into Biomarker Identification and Validation & Development, Routine Biomarker-Based Tests. Trend analysis amongst the application will be provided in detail.
Different potential opportunities and with in-depth factors affecting different markets will be provided. Segment analysis with which segment is projected to witness rapid growth in the coming years will be displayed in the report.
The report segment of the global biomarker technologies market as follows:
Global Biomarker Technologies Market: By Product Type
- Solid Biopsy
- Liquid Biopsy
Global Biomarker Technologies Market: By Application
- Biomarker Identification and Validation & Development
- Routine Biomarker-Based Tests
Global Biomarker Technologies Market: By Region
- North America
- U.S.
- Canada
- Rest of North America
- Europe
- UK
- Germany
- France
- Italy
- Spain
- Rest of Europe
- Asia Pacific
- China
- Japan
- India
- Southeast Asia
- Rest of Asia Pacific
- Latin America
- Brazil
- Argentina
- Rest of Latin America
- Middle East and Africa
- GCC Countries
- South Africa
- Rest of Middle East & Africa
Key Reasons to Purchase this Report
- It provides a technological development map over time to understand the growth rate of the industry
- The report offers a dynamic method to various factors that drive or restrain the growth of the market
- It renders definite analysis for changing competitive dynamics
- It builds a seven-year estimate based on how the market is predicted to grow
Frequently Asked Questions
These players adopted different strategies so as to hold major market share in this market. Some of the major players in Biomarker Technologies industry includes.
- Zhongyu gold mark (Beijing) biotechnology Limited by Share Ltd
- Shanghai Jie Yi Biotechnology Co.Ltd.
- Hua Zhi rice Biotechnology Co.Ltd.
Based on the Biomarker Technologies market analysis, North America is predicted to held the highest share in the Biomarker Technologies market during the forecast period.
The statistical data of the top market players of Biomarker Technologies industry can be obtained from the company profile section specified in the report. This section incorporates analysis of top player’s operating in the Biomarker Technologies industry as well as their last five-year revenue, segmental revenue, product offerings, key strategies adopted, and geographical revenue produced.
The study offers a decisive view on the Biomarker Technologies by segmenting the market based on Product Type, Application, and region.
The report gives a nitty-gritty assessment of the market by featuring data on various viewpoints that incorporate drivers, restraints, opportunities, and threats. This data can assist stakeholders in making suitable decisions before investing.
The sample for Biomarker Technologies market report can be received on-demand from the website as and when required.Direct call services or 24*7 chat support are provided to procure the sample report.
- Preface
- Report Description and Scope
- Research Scope
- Research Methodology
- Market Research Process
- Market Research Methodology
- Executive Summary
- Biomarker Technologies Market, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Biomarker Technologies Market: Snapshot
- Biomarker Technologies - Industry Analysis
- Biomarker Technologies: Market Dynamics
- Market Drivers
- Driver 1
- Driver 2
- Restraints
- Restraint 1
- Restraint 2
- Opportunity
- Government funding and support
- Porter’s Five Forces Analysis
- Market Attractiveness Analysis
- Market attractiveness analysis By Product
- Market attractiveness analysis By Application
- Market attractiveness analysis by Region
- Biomarker Technologies Market - Competitive Landscape
- Company market share analysis
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market: company market share, 2019
- Strategic development
- Acquisitions & mergers
- New Product launches
- Agreements, partnerships, collaborations and joint ventures
- Research and development and Regional expansion
- Price trend analysis
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market -Product Type Analysis
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market overview: By Product Type
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market share, By Product Type,2019 and 2026
- Solid Biopsy
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market by Solid Biopsy, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Liquid Biopsy
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market by Liquid Biopsy, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market -Application Analysis
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market overview: By Application
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market share, By Application,2019 and 2026
- Biomarker Identification and Validation & Development
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market by Biomarker Identification and Validation & Development, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Routine Biomarker-Based Tests
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market by Routine Biomarker-Based Tests, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Global Biomarker Technologies Market - Regional Analysis
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market overview: by Region
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market share, by Region, 2019 and 2026
- North America
- North America Biomarker Technologies Market, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- North America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- North America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- North America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- North America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- U.S. Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- U.S. Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- U.S. Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- U.S. Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Canada Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Canada Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Canada Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Canada Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Mexico Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Mexico Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Mexico Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Mexico Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Europe
- Europe Biomarker Technologies Market, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- UK Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- UK Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- UK Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- UK Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Germany Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Germany Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Germany Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Germany Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- France Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- France Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- France Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- France Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Italy Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Italy Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Italy Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Italy Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Spain Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Spain Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Spain Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Spain Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Netherlands Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Netherlands Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Netherlands Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Netherlands Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Asia Pacific
- Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- China Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- China Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- China Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- China Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Japan Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Japan Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Japan Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Japan Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- India Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- India Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- India Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- India Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Australia Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Australia Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Australia Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Australia Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South East Asia Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South East Asia Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South East Asia Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South East Asia Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South Korea Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South Korea Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South Korea Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South Korea Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Latin America
- Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Brazil Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Brazil Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Brazil Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Brazil Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Argentina Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Argentina Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Argentina Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Argentina Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Chile Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Chile Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Chile Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Chile Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Middle East & Africa
- Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- GCC Countries Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- GCC Countries Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- GCC Countries Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- GCC Countries Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Nigeria Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Nigeria Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Nigeria Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Nigeria Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- South Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By product type, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Rest of Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By application, 2018-2030 (USD Million)
Company Profiles
- Zhongyu gold mark (Beijing) biotechnology Limited by Share Ltd
- Overview
- Financials
- Product Portfolio
- Business Strategy
- Recent Developments
- Shanghai Jie Yi Biotechnology Co.Ltd.
- Overview
- Financials
- Product Portfolio
- Business Strategy
- Recent Developments
- Hua Zhi rice Biotechnology Co.Ltd.
- Overview
- Financials
- Product Portfolio
- Business Strategy
- Recent Developments
List of Figures
List of Tables
- Global Biomarker Technologies Market: snapshot
- Drivers of the Biomarker Technologies Market: impact analysis
- Restraints of the Biomarker Technologies Market: impact analysis
- North America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- North America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Europe Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Asia Pacific Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Latin America Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Product Type,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Middle East & Africa Biomarker Technologies Market revenue, By Application,2018-2030 (USD Million)
- Zhongyu gold mark (Beijing) biotechnology Limited by Share Ltd
- Shanghai Jie Yi Biotechnology Co.Ltd.
- Hua Zhi rice Biotechnology Co.Ltd.
An Overview on Research Methodology used at Syndicate Market Research:
1.1 Research Methodology
The process of market research at Syndicate Market Research is an iterative in nature and usually follows following path. Information from secondary is used to build data models, further the results obtained from data models are validated from primary participants. Then cycle repeats where, according to inputs from primary participants, additional secondary research is done and new information is again incorporated into data model. The process continues till desired level of information is not generated.
To calculate the market size, the report considers the revenue generated from the sales of the market providers. The revenue generated from the sales of market is calculated through primary and secondary research. The key players operating in the market across the globe are identified through secondary research and a corresponding detailed analysis of the top vendors in the market is done. The market size calculation also includes clinical trial phase segmentation determined using secondary sources and verified through primary sources.
1.2 Secondary Research
The secondary research sources that are typically referred to include, but are not limited to:
- Company websites, annual reports, financial reports, broker reports, investor presentations and SEC filings
- Internal and external proprietary databases, relevant patent and regulatory databases
- National government documents, statistical databases and market reports
- News articles, press releases and web-casts specific to the companies operating in the market
The sources for secondary research includes but is not limited to: Factiva, Hoovers and Statista
1.3 Primary Research
We conduct primary interviews on an ongoing basis with industry participants and commentators in order to validate data and analysis. A typical research interview fulfills the following functions:
- It provides first-hand information on the market size, market trends, growth trends, competitive landscape, future outlook etc.
- Helps in validating and strengthening the secondary research findings
- Further develops the analysis team’s expertise and market understanding
- Primary research involves E-mail interactions, telephonic interviews as well as face-to-face interviews for each market, category, segment and sub-segment across geographies
The participants who typically take part in such a process include, but are not limited to:
- Industry participants: CEOs, VPs, marketing/ clinical trial phase managers, market intelligence managers and national sales managers
- Purchasing managers, technical personnel, distributors and resellers
- Outside experts: Investment bankers, valuation experts, research analysts specializing in specific markets
- Key opinion leaders specializing in different areas corresponding to different industry end users
1.4 Models
Where no hard data is available, we use modeling and estimates in order to produce comprehensive data sets. A rigorous methodology is adopted in which the available hard data is cross referenced with the following data types to produce estimates:
- Demographic data: Population split by segment
- Macro-economic indicators: GDP, etc.
- Industry indicators: Expenditure, infrastructure, sector growth and facilities.
Data is then cross checked by the expert panel.
1.4.1 Company Share Analysis Model
Company share analysis is used to derive the size of global market. As well as study of revenues of companies for last three to five years also provide the base for forecasting the market size and its growth rate. This model is built in following steps:
1.4.2 Revenue Based Modeling
Revenue based models can be built in two ways - Top-Down or Bottom-Up irrespective of industry. Market size estimated from company share analysis acts as a validation point for bottom-up approach where as it acts as starting point for top-down approach.
1.5 Research Limitations
Inflation is not a part of pricing in this report. Prices of the products and its derivatives vary in each region and hence similar revenue ratio does not follow for each individual region. The same price for each type has been taken into account while estimating and forecasting market revenue on a global basis. Regional average price has been considered while breaking down this market by end user in each region.